When we look forward to a particular event, for instance, we use imagery. Picturing pleasant consequences can lead to excitement, even an emotional high. In contrast, imagining negative outcomes can evoke fear. One of the most effective ways to relieve distress or anxiety is to visualize yourself in a serene and relaxing setting (like lying on a sandy beach and hearing the calming rhythm of the ocean waves, and feeling the warm sun and cool breeze).

When you think about the behavioral steps or procedures needed to complete a task, you're using mental images to rehearse the job. Before their performances, athletes practice their sport mentally, actors run through their lines and stage positions in their mind's eye, surgeons mentally rehearse the steps of a complex operation, and musicians imagine playing or singing the right notes on key and on time. Public speakers often practice their lines mentally just prior to their actual delivery.

Research has shown significant benefits of mental rehearsal, whether practicing an athletic skill, an occupational task, or a script of dialogue.

It's not clear whether the mental rehearsal actually strengthens the correct behavior or merely increases one's motivation to perform at a higher level. We don't know why mental rehearsal improves performance, only that it does.

Now what does all this mean for health and safety in the workplace?

Making the connection

• Clarify your safety goals;

• Enhance your motivation to choose the safest behavior;

• Build your self-efficacy, personal control, or optimism;

• Rehearse safe acts and actively caring behaviors;

• Reward yourself for success at self-management.

Your imagery can activate a chain of safe operating procedures, as well as motivate action. Motivation comes from imagining potential consequences following safe versus at-risk behavior. Figure 1 depicts a negative consequence you might visualize to motivate use of personal protective equipment. This image also suggests the safe behavior needed to avoid injury, making it both directing and motivating.

It's often more useful to create a mental picture of positive consequences resulting from your safe actions. Focusing on positive outcomes can increase your confidence in being successful, as well as increase your desire to reach your goals.

Here's how to use mental imagery to manage your own safety:

• See yourself performing the appropriate safe behavior with ease and convenience;

• Visualize avoiding specific negative consequences with the safe behavior;

• Imagine feelings of accomplishment following the safe behavior;

• Take an active rather than passive perspective;

• Share your imagery with others to get their support and perhaps increase their own safe behavior.

It's important to be active when using imagery. Don't sit back and watch a movie starring yourself. Imagine yourself acting within the complete activator-behavior-consequence (ABC) framework. First, see the activators in the situation that cue your desired behavior. Then visualize yourself actually performing the safe acts. Finally, imagine positive feelings from setting the safe example and acknowledging safety as a value.

Before mentally picturing this ABC sequence, I find it quite motivating to visualize the negative consequence of getting hurt, as illustrated in Figure 1. Reaching for a skill saw, I imagine getting a finger caught in the blade. I imagine the ringing in my ears getting worse after not using hearing protection.

I like to share my motivating imagery with others, too. In fact, one reason personal testimonies of injuries or near misses are motivators is because listeners get a powerful mental image. Even more motivating is when listeners imagine themselves or a family member in the place of the speaker. Of course it's essential to focus on the specific behaviors that can be performed to avoid the injury or near miss being discussed.

Sometimes, though, people imagine a situation differently. Figure 2 illustrates what I mean, and it shows again how imagined consequences can influence ongoing behavior. In this case, the passenger should share her image with the driver. But this might not change the driver's behavior, if his imagery paints a contrary picture. I see a root cause for interpersonal conflict, don't you?

To summarize: the right kind of mental imagery can motivate us to assume more responsibility for the safety of ourselves and others. We can rehearse mentally the safe way to complete a job to increase the likelihood it will be accomplished both safely and efficiently. We can also teach others how to use mental pictures to prevent injuries. Let's encourage powerful personal testimonials of injuries or near misses that could have been prevented by certain action. We need to hold ourselves accountable for using and teaching this effective safety self-management technique.